Since 2021, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has announced a string of global initiatives that it has billed as providing “Chinese solutions” (中国方案) to reform the global governance system
(
Chinese People’s Institute for Foreign Affairs [CPIFA], April 2024). These include initiatives on development, security, civilization, and governance (China Brief,
September 6, 2024,
January 17,
October 31). According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), they have focused on “promoting international cooperation on development, encouraging dialogue and consultation over international discord, promoting exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations, and anchoring the direction, principles, and path of the global governance system and mechanism reform” (推动国际发展合作，着眼对话协商解决国际争端，促进文明交流互鉴，锚定全球治理体制机制改革的方向、原则和路径) (
MFA, September 1).